diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
index 4b3969a..a04a2b3 100644
--- a/Dockerfile
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ RUN sed -i 's|http://deb.debian.org/debian|http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian|g; s
     apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     ca-certificates \
     ffmpeg \
+    fonts-noto-cjk \
     tzdata \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
diff --git a/config/example.toml b/config/example.toml
index 0b55c2a..cd688d2 100644
--- a/config/example.toml
+++ b/config/example.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ timezone = "Asia/Shanghai"
 rtsp_url = ""
 
 [thresholds]
+pre_warning_seconds = 900
 max_dwell_seconds = 1200
+alarm_removal_seconds = 1800
 trash_confirmation_seconds = 120
 
 [layout]
diff --git a/src/cold_display_guard/alarm_snapshots.py b/src/cold_display_guard/alarm_snapshots.py
index 179ccc5..c48326d 100644
--- a/src/cold_display_guard/alarm_snapshots.py
+++ b/src/cold_display_guard/alarm_snapshots.py
@@ -33,10 +33,46 @@ class AlarmSnapshotSettings:
 @dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
 class CalibrationOverlayRegion:
     polygon: tuple[tuple[float, float], ...]
+    label: str
     outline_rgb: tuple[int, int, int]
     fill_rgb: tuple[int, int, int]
 
 
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class OverlayLabel:
+    text: str
+    fallback_text: str
+    x: int
+    y: int
+    accent_rgb: tuple[int, int, int]
+
+
+ZONE_OVERLAY_PALETTE: tuple[tuple[int, int, int], ...] = (
+    (255, 196, 0),
+    (0, 190, 255),
+    (112, 224, 96),
+    (255, 128, 32),
+    (180, 128, 255),
+    (0, 220, 180),
+    (255, 96, 176),
+    (192, 224, 48),
+    (96, 144, 255),
+    (255, 96, 96),
+)
+TRASH_OVERLAY_RGB = (255, 64, 64)
+LABEL_TEXT_RGB = (255, 255, 255)
+LABEL_SHADOW_RGB = (0, 0, 0)
+CJK_FONT_CANDIDATES = (
+    Path("/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc"),
+    Path("/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.otf"),
+    Path("/usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc"),
+    Path("/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/uming.ttc"),
+    Path("/System/Library/Fonts/PingFang.ttc"),
+    Path("/System/Library/Fonts/STHeiti Light.ttc"),
+    Path("/Library/Fonts/Arial Unicode.ttf"),
+)
+
+
 class SnapshotUploadError(RuntimeError):
     pass
 
@@ -108,27 +144,44 @@ def apply_calibration_overlay(frame: Frame, config: dict[str, Any]) -> Frame:
     if len(rgb) != frame.width * frame.height * 3:
         return frame
 
+    labels: list[OverlayLabel] = []
     for region in regions:
         polygon = normalized_polygon_to_pixels(region.polygon, frame.width, frame.height)
         if len(polygon) < 3:
             continue
         fill_polygon(rgb, frame.width, frame.height, polygon, region.fill_rgb, alpha=0.24)
         draw_polygon_outline(rgb, frame.width, frame.height, polygon, region.outline_rgb, alpha=0.85)
+        label = label_for_polygon(polygon, region.label, frame.width, frame.height, region.outline_rgb)
+        if label is not None:
+            labels.append(label)
+    if labels and not render_region_labels_with_ffmpeg(rgb, frame.width, frame.height, labels):
+        for label in labels:
+            draw_region_label(
+                rgb,
+                frame.width,
+                frame.height,
+                label.x,
+                label.y,
+                label.fallback_text,
+                label.accent_rgb,
+            )
     return Frame(width=frame.width, height=frame.height, rgb=bytes(rgb))
 
 
 def load_calibration_overlay_regions(config: dict[str, Any]) -> list[CalibrationOverlayRegion]:
     regions: list[CalibrationOverlayRegion] = []
-    for zone in config.get("zones", []):
+    for index, zone in enumerate(config.get("zones", [])):
         if not isinstance(zone, dict):
             continue
         polygon = normalize_overlay_polygon(zone.get("polygon", []))
         if len(polygon) >= 3:
+            color = ZONE_OVERLAY_PALETTE[index % len(ZONE_OVERLAY_PALETTE)]
             regions.append(
                 CalibrationOverlayRegion(
                     polygon=polygon,
-                    outline_rgb=(255, 196, 0),
-                    fill_rgb=(255, 196, 0),
+                    label=overlay_region_label(zone, fallback=f"区域 {index + 1}"),
+                    outline_rgb=color,
+                    fill_rgb=color,
                 )
             )
 
@@ -139,13 +192,22 @@ def load_calibration_overlay_regions(config: dict[str, Any]) -> list[Calibration
             regions.append(
                 CalibrationOverlayRegion(
                     polygon=polygon,
-                    outline_rgb=(255, 64, 64),
-                    fill_rgb=(255, 64, 64),
+                    label=overlay_region_label(trash, fallback="垃圾区"),
+                    outline_rgb=TRASH_OVERLAY_RGB,
+                    fill_rgb=TRASH_OVERLAY_RGB,
                 )
             )
     return regions
 
 
+def overlay_region_label(payload: dict[str, Any], *, fallback: str) -> str:
+    for key in ("label", "name", "id"):
+        value = str(payload.get(key, "")).strip()
+        if value:
+            return value
+    return fallback
+
+
 def normalize_overlay_polygon(value: object) -> tuple[tuple[float, float], ...]:
     points: list[tuple[float, float]] = []
     if not isinstance(value, list | tuple):
@@ -206,6 +268,664 @@ def draw_polygon_outline(
         previous = point
 
 
+def label_for_polygon(
+    polygon: tuple[tuple[int, int], ...],
+    text: str,
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+    accent_rgb: tuple[int, int, int],
+) -> OverlayLabel | None:
+    label_text = text.strip()
+    fallback_text = fallback_label_text(label_text)
+    if not label_text or not fallback_text or width < 12 or height < 10:
+        return None
+    min_x = max(0, min(point[0] for point in polygon))
+    min_y = max(0, min(point[1] for point in polygon))
+    max_x = min(width - 1, max(point[0] for point in polygon))
+    max_y = min(height - 1, max(point[1] for point in polygon))
+    if max_x - min_x + 1 < 4 or max_y - min_y + 1 < 4:
+        return None
+    x = min(max(0, min_x + 2), max(0, width - 8))
+    y = min(max(0, min_y + 2), max(0, height - 8))
+    return OverlayLabel(
+        text=label_text,
+        fallback_text=fallback_text,
+        x=x,
+        y=y,
+        accent_rgb=accent_rgb,
+    )
+
+
+def render_region_labels_with_ffmpeg(
+    rgb: bytearray,
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+    labels: list[OverlayLabel],
+) -> bool:
+    font_file = find_cjk_font_file()
+    if font_file is None:
+        return False
+    filter_text = build_drawtext_filter(labels, font_file, height)
+    if not filter_text:
+        return False
+    command = [
+        "ffmpeg",
+        "-hide_banner",
+        "-loglevel",
+        "error",
+        "-f",
+        "rawvideo",
+        "-pix_fmt",
+        "rgb24",
+        "-s",
+        f"{width}x{height}",
+        "-i",
+        "-",
+        "-vf",
+        filter_text,
+        "-frames:v",
+        "1",
+        "-f",
+        "rawvideo",
+        "-pix_fmt",
+        "rgb24",
+        "-",
+    ]
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            command,
+            input=bytes(rgb),
+            check=False,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            timeout=3,
+        )
+    except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired, OSError):
+        return False
+    expected_size = width * height * 3
+    if result.returncode != 0 or len(result.stdout) != expected_size:
+        return False
+    rgb[:] = result.stdout
+    return True
+
+
+def build_drawtext_filter(labels: list[OverlayLabel], font_file: Path, height: int) -> str:
+    font_size = max(14, min(30, round(height * 0.052)))
+    filters: list[str] = []
+    for label in labels:
+        text = escape_drawtext_value(label.text)
+        font = escape_drawtext_value(str(font_file))
+        color = rgb_to_hex(LABEL_TEXT_RGB)
+        box_color = "black@0.62"
+        filters.append(
+            "drawtext="
+            f"fontfile='{font}':"
+            f"text='{text}':"
+            f"x={label.x}:"
+            f"y={label.y}:"
+            f"fontsize={font_size}:"
+            f"fontcolor={color}:"
+            "box=1:"
+            f"boxcolor={box_color}:"
+            "boxborderw=4"
+        )
+    return ",".join(filters)
+
+
+def escape_drawtext_value(value: str) -> str:
+    escaped = value.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+    for char in (":", "'", ",", "[", "]", "%"):
+        escaped = escaped.replace(char, f"\\{char}")
+    return escaped
+
+
+def rgb_to_hex(color: tuple[int, int, int]) -> str:
+    return f"0x{color[0]:02x}{color[1]:02x}{color[2]:02x}"
+
+
+def find_cjk_font_file() -> Path | None:
+    for candidate in CJK_FONT_CANDIDATES:
+        if candidate.exists():
+            return candidate
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            ["fc-match", "-f", "%{file}", ":lang=zh-cn"],
+            check=False,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            timeout=1,
+            text=True,
+        )
+    except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired, OSError):
+        return None
+    font_path = Path(result.stdout.strip())
+    if font_path.exists() and any(marker in font_path.name.lower() for marker in ("noto", "cjk", "hei", "song", "fang")):
+        return font_path
+    return None
+
+
+def fallback_label_text(label: str) -> str:
+    text = label.strip()
+    if not text:
+        return ""
+    if "垃圾" in text:
+        return "TRASH"
+    digits = "".join(char for char in text if char.isdigit())
+    if digits:
+        return f"R{digits}"
+    ascii_text = "".join(char if char.isascii() and (char.isalnum() or char in {"-", "_"}) else "" for char in text)
+    return ascii_text[:12] or "ZONE"
+
+
+def draw_region_label(
+    rgb: bytearray,
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+    x: int,
+    y: int,
+    label: str,
+    accent_rgb: tuple[int, int, int],
+) -> None:
+    text = label.strip()
+    if not text or width < 12 or height < 10:
+        return
+    glyphs = text_to_glyphs(text)
+    if not glyphs:
+        return
+    text_width = sum(len(glyph[0]) for glyph in glyphs) + max(0, len(glyphs) - 1)
+    text_height = max(len(glyph) for glyph in glyphs)
+    box_width = text_width + 4
+    box_height = text_height + 4
+    x = min(max(0, x), max(0, width - box_width - 1))
+    y = min(max(0, y), max(0, height - box_height - 1))
+    box_width = min(box_width, width - x)
+    box_height = min(box_height, height - y)
+    if box_width < 6 or box_height < 6:
+        return
+    fill_rect(rgb, width, height, x, y, box_width, box_height, LABEL_SHADOW_RGB, alpha=0.62)
+    draw_rect_outline(rgb, width, height, x, y, box_width, box_height, accent_rgb, alpha=0.9)
+    draw_text(rgb, width, height, x + 2, y + 2, glyphs, LABEL_TEXT_RGB, LABEL_SHADOW_RGB)
+
+
+def fill_rect(
+    rgb: bytearray,
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+    x: int,
+    y: int,
+    rect_width: int,
+    rect_height: int,
+    color: tuple[int, int, int],
+    *,
+    alpha: float,
+) -> None:
+    for yy in range(max(0, y), min(height, y + rect_height)):
+        for xx in range(max(0, x), min(width, x + rect_width)):
+            blend_pixel(rgb, width, xx, yy, color, alpha)
+
+
+def draw_rect_outline(
+    rgb: bytearray,
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+    x: int,
+    y: int,
+    rect_width: int,
+    rect_height: int,
+    color: tuple[int, int, int],
+    *,
+    alpha: float,
+) -> None:
+    if rect_width <= 0 or rect_height <= 0:
+        return
+    x1 = min(width - 1, x + rect_width - 1)
+    y1 = min(height - 1, y + rect_height - 1)
+    draw_line(rgb, width, height, (x, y), (x1, y), color, alpha=alpha)
+    draw_line(rgb, width, height, (x1, y), (x1, y1), color, alpha=alpha)
+    draw_line(rgb, width, height, (x1, y1), (x, y1), color, alpha=alpha)
+    draw_line(rgb, width, height, (x, y1), (x, y), color, alpha=alpha)
+
+
+def draw_text(
+    rgb: bytearray,
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+    x: int,
+    y: int,
+    glyphs: list[tuple[str, ...]],
+    color: tuple[int, int, int],
+    shadow: tuple[int, int, int],
+) -> None:
+    cursor_x = x
+    for glyph in glyphs:
+        draw_glyph(rgb, width, height, cursor_x + 1, y + 1, glyph, shadow, alpha=0.8)
+        draw_glyph(rgb, width, height, cursor_x, y, glyph, color, alpha=1.0)
+        cursor_x += len(glyph[0]) + 1
+
+
+def draw_glyph(
+    rgb: bytearray,
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+    x: int,
+    y: int,
+    glyph: tuple[str, ...],
+    color: tuple[int, int, int],
+    *,
+    alpha: float,
+) -> None:
+    for row_index, row in enumerate(glyph):
+        yy = y + row_index
+        if yy < 0 or yy >= height:
+            continue
+        for col_index, marker in enumerate(row):
+            if marker != "1":
+                continue
+            xx = x + col_index
+            if 0 <= xx < width:
+                blend_pixel(rgb, width, xx, yy, color, alpha)
+
+
+def text_to_glyphs(text: str) -> list[tuple[str, ...]]:
+    glyphs: list[tuple[str, ...]] = []
+    for char in text[:12]:
+        glyph = GLYPHS.get(char.upper(), GLYPHS.get(char))
+        if glyph is not None:
+            glyphs.append(glyph)
+    return glyphs
+
+
+GLYPHS: dict[str, tuple[str, ...]] = {
+    " ": (
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+    ),
+    "0": (
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "1": (
+        "010",
+        "110",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "2": (
+        "111",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "111",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "3": (
+        "111",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "111",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "4": (
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+    ),
+    "5": (
+        "111",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "111",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "6": (
+        "111",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "7": (
+        "111",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+    ),
+    "8": (
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "9": (
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "A": (
+        "010",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+    ),
+    "B": (
+        "110",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "110",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "110",
+    ),
+    "C": (
+        "111",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "D": (
+        "110",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "110",
+    ),
+    "E": (
+        "111",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "110",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "F": (
+        "111",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "110",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+    ),
+    "G": (
+        "111",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "H": (
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+    ),
+    "I": (
+        "111",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "J": (
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "K": (
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "110",
+        "100",
+        "110",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+    ),
+    "L": (
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "M": (
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+    ),
+    "N": (
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "111",
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+    ),
+    "O": (
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "P": (
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+    ),
+    "Q": (
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+    ),
+    "R": (
+        "111",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "110",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+    ),
+    "S": (
+        "111",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "111",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "T": (
+        "111",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+    ),
+    "U": (
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "V": (
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "010",
+    ),
+    "W": (
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "111",
+        "111",
+        "101",
+    ),
+    "X": (
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "010",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+    ),
+    "Y": (
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "101",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+        "010",
+    ),
+    "Z": (
+        "111",
+        "001",
+        "001",
+        "010",
+        "100",
+        "100",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "-": (
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "111",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+    ),
+    "_": (
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "000",
+        "111",
+    ),
+    "区": (
+        "1111111",
+        "1000001",
+        "1011001",
+        "1001011",
+        "1011001",
+        "1000001",
+        "1111111",
+    ),
+    "域": (
+        "0010010",
+        "1111111",
+        "0010010",
+        "1111011",
+        "0010110",
+        "1111011",
+        "0010101",
+    ),
+    "垃": (
+        "0100100",
+        "1111111",
+        "0100100",
+        "0101110",
+        "0100100",
+        "1100100",
+        "0111110",
+    ),
+    "圾": (
+        "0101110",
+        "1110010",
+        "0100010",
+        "0101110",
+        "0101010",
+        "1101010",
+        "0110011",
+    ),
+}
+
+
 def draw_line(
     rgb: bytearray,
     width: int,
diff --git a/src/cold_display_guard/cases.py b/src/cold_display_guard/cases.py
index 34aef7f..38ea2fc 100644
--- a/src/cold_display_guard/cases.py
+++ b/src/cold_display_guard/cases.py
@@ -8,15 +8,19 @@ from typing import Any
 
 
 EVENT_CASE_TYPES = {
+    "time_pre_warning": "pre_warning",
     "time_alarm": "time_alarm",
     "batch_pending_disposal": "pending_disposal",
+    "alarm_removal_timeout": "alarm_removal_timeout",
     "warning_escalated": "warning_escalated",
 }
 
 CASE_PRIORITY = {
-    "time_alarm": 1,
-    "pending_disposal": 2,
-    "warning_escalated": 3,
+    "pre_warning": 1,
+    "time_alarm": 2,
+    "pending_disposal": 3,
+    "alarm_removal_timeout": 4,
+    "warning_escalated": 5,
 }
 
 
@@ -139,10 +143,11 @@ class CaseStore:
 
         case_id = build_case_id(batch_id)
         existing = self._cases.get(case_id)
-        if event_name == "batch_discarded":
+        if event_name in {"batch_discarded", "pre_warning_handled"}:
             if existing is None or existing.case_status == "handled":
                 return None
-            return self._close_case(existing, when, handled_source="auto_closed")
+            handled_source = "auto_removed_before_alarm" if event_name == "pre_warning_handled" else "auto_closed"
+            return self._close_case(existing, when, handled_source=handled_source)
 
         case_type = EVENT_CASE_TYPES.get(event_name)
         if case_type is None:
diff --git a/src/cold_display_guard/config.py b/src/cold_display_guard/config.py
index 1de5a08..db874fb 100644
--- a/src/cold_display_guard/config.py
+++ b/src/cold_display_guard/config.py
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ def load_settings(path: str | Path) -> EngineSettings:
 
     return EngineSettings(
         camera_id=str(data.get("camera_id", "cold_display_cam_01")),
+        pre_warning_seconds=int(thresholds.get("pre_warning_seconds", 0)),
         max_dwell_seconds=int(thresholds.get("max_dwell_seconds", 10_800)),
+        alarm_removal_seconds=int(thresholds.get("alarm_removal_seconds", 0)),
         trash_confirmation_seconds=int(thresholds.get("trash_confirmation_seconds", 120)),
         zone_ids=zone_ids,
     )
@@ -135,7 +137,9 @@ def format_config_document(data: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
 
     thresholds = data.get("thresholds", {})
     lines.append("[thresholds]")
+    lines.append(f'pre_warning_seconds = {int(thresholds.get("pre_warning_seconds", 0))}')
     lines.append(f'max_dwell_seconds = {int(thresholds.get("max_dwell_seconds", 10_800))}')
+    lines.append(f'alarm_removal_seconds = {int(thresholds.get("alarm_removal_seconds", 0))}')
     lines.append(f'trash_confirmation_seconds = {int(thresholds.get("trash_confirmation_seconds", 120))}')
     lines.append("")
 
diff --git a/src/cold_display_guard/engine.py b/src/cold_display_guard/engine.py
index 77ac601..acf50d4 100644
--- a/src/cold_display_guard/engine.py
+++ b/src/cold_display_guard/engine.py
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ class BatchEngine:
         if appeared_zones and self.pending_disposal:
             events.extend(self._mark_pending_as_returned(observation.ts, appeared_zones))
 
+        events.extend(self._apply_pre_warnings(observation.ts, previous_zone_counts))
         events.extend(self._apply_time_alarms(observation.ts, previous_zone_counts))
+        events.extend(self._apply_alarm_removal_timeouts(observation.ts))
 
         pending_count_before_zone_transitions = len(self.pending_disposal)
         for zone_id, new_count in zone_counts.items():
@@ -99,7 +101,14 @@ class BatchEngine:
             if zone_id not in self._zone_counts:
                 continue
             event_name = str(event.get("event", ""))
-            if event_name in {"batch_started", "batch_count_changed", "mixed_batch_violation", "time_alarm"}:
+            if event_name in {
+                "batch_started",
+                "batch_count_changed",
+                "mixed_batch_violation",
+                "time_pre_warning",
+                "time_alarm",
+                "alarm_removal_timeout",
+            }:
                 if active_zone_counts is not None and active_counts.get(zone_id, 0) <= 0:
                     self.active_by_zone.pop(zone_id, None)
                     self._zone_counts[zone_id] = 0
@@ -131,9 +140,19 @@ class BatchEngine:
             last_count=max(1, int(event.get("current_count", 1) or 1)),
             state=str(event.get("state", "active") or "active"),
         )
+        batch.pre_warned_at = parse_event_datetime(event.get("pre_warned_at"))
         batch.alerted_at = parse_event_datetime(event.get("alerted_at"))
         if batch.alerted_at is not None:
             batch.state = "alerted"
+            if self.settings.alarm_removal_seconds > 0:
+                batch.alarm_removal_deadline = parse_event_datetime(event.get("alarm_removal_deadline"))
+                if batch.alarm_removal_deadline is None:
+                    batch.alarm_removal_deadline = batch.alerted_at + self.settings.alarm_removal_window
+        elif batch.pre_warned_at is not None:
+            batch.state = "pre_warning"
+        batch.alarm_removal_timed_out_at = parse_event_datetime(event.get("alarm_removal_timed_out_at"))
+        if batch.alarm_removal_timed_out_at is not None:
+            batch.state = "alarm_removal_timeout"
         batch.dwell_seconds = max(0, int(event.get("dwell_seconds", 0) or 0))
         return batch
 
@@ -162,10 +181,44 @@ class BatchEngine:
             self.pending_disposal.append(batch)
             return self._event("batch_pending_disposal", when, batch, severity="warning")
 
+        if batch.pre_warned_at is not None:
+            batch.state = "handled"
+            self.closed_batches.append(batch)
+            return self._event(
+                "pre_warning_handled",
+                when,
+                batch,
+                severity="info",
+                handled_source="auto_removed_before_alarm",
+            )
+
         batch.state = "consumed"
         self.closed_batches.append(batch)
         return self._event("batch_consumed", when, batch, severity="info")
 
+    def _apply_pre_warnings(self, when: datetime, zone_counts: dict[str, int]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        if self.settings.pre_warning_seconds <= 0:
+            return []
+        events: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+        for zone_id, batch in self.active_by_zone.items():
+            if batch.pre_warned_at is not None or batch.alerted_at is not None:
+                continue
+            dwell_seconds = batch.current_dwell_seconds(when)
+            if dwell_seconds < self.settings.pre_warning_seconds:
+                continue
+            batch.state = "pre_warning"
+            batch.pre_warned_at = when
+            events.append(
+                self._event(
+                    "time_pre_warning",
+                    when,
+                    batch,
+                    severity="warning",
+                    current_count=zone_counts.get(zone_id, batch.last_count),
+                )
+            )
+        return events
+
     def _apply_time_alarms(self, when: datetime, zone_counts: dict[str, int]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
         events: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
         for zone_id, batch in self.active_by_zone.items():
@@ -176,6 +229,8 @@ class BatchEngine:
                 continue
             batch.state = "alerted"
             batch.alerted_at = when
+            if self.settings.alarm_removal_seconds > 0:
+                batch.alarm_removal_deadline = when + self.settings.alarm_removal_window
             events.append(
                 self._event(
                     "time_alarm",
@@ -187,6 +242,30 @@ class BatchEngine:
             )
         return events
 
+    def _apply_alarm_removal_timeouts(self, when: datetime) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        if self.settings.alarm_removal_seconds <= 0:
+            return []
+        events: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+        for batch in self.active_by_zone.values():
+            if batch.alerted_at is None or batch.alarm_removal_deadline is None:
+                continue
+            if batch.alarm_removal_timed_out_at is not None:
+                continue
+            if when <= batch.alarm_removal_deadline:
+                continue
+            batch.state = "alarm_removal_timeout"
+            batch.alarm_removal_timed_out_at = when
+            events.append(
+                self._event(
+                    "alarm_removal_timeout",
+                    when,
+                    batch,
+                    severity="alarm",
+                    reason="alarmed_batch_not_removed_after_alarm_window",
+                )
+            )
+        return events
+
     def _mark_mixed_batch(
         self,
         zone_id: str,
@@ -273,13 +352,21 @@ class BatchEngine:
             "state": batch.state,
             "started_at": batch.started_at.isoformat(),
             "dwell_seconds": batch.current_dwell_seconds(when),
+            "pre_warning_seconds": self.settings.pre_warning_seconds,
             "max_dwell_seconds": self.settings.max_dwell_seconds,
+            "alarm_removal_seconds": self.settings.alarm_removal_seconds,
         }
         zone_index = self._zone_index(batch.zone_id)
         if zone_index is not None:
             payload["zone_index"] = zone_index
+        if batch.pre_warned_at is not None:
+            payload["pre_warned_at"] = batch.pre_warned_at.isoformat()
         if batch.alerted_at is not None:
             payload["alerted_at"] = batch.alerted_at.isoformat()
+        if batch.alarm_removal_deadline is not None:
+            payload["alarm_removal_deadline"] = batch.alarm_removal_deadline.isoformat()
+        if batch.alarm_removal_timed_out_at is not None:
+            payload["alarm_removal_timed_out_at"] = batch.alarm_removal_timed_out_at.isoformat()
         if batch.ended_at is not None:
             payload["ended_at"] = batch.ended_at.isoformat()
         if batch.disposal_deadline is not None:
@@ -290,9 +377,9 @@ class BatchEngine:
         return payload
 
     def _event_severity(self, event_name: str) -> str:
-        if event_name == "time_alarm":
+        if event_name in {"time_alarm", "alarm_removal_timeout"}:
             return "alarm"
-        if event_name in {"warning_escalated", "batch_pending_disposal"}:
+        if event_name in {"warning_escalated", "batch_pending_disposal", "time_pre_warning"}:
             return "warning"
         if event_name.endswith("_violation"):
             return "warning"
diff --git a/src/cold_display_guard/models.py b/src/cold_display_guard/models.py
index e9e2c21..1035c9b 100644
--- a/src/cold_display_guard/models.py
+++ b/src/cold_display_guard/models.py
@@ -11,14 +11,24 @@ DEFAULT_ZONE_IDS = tuple(f"r{row}c{col}" for row in range(1, 3) for col in range
 @dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
 class EngineSettings:
     camera_id: str = "cold_display_cam_01"
+    pre_warning_seconds: int = 0
     max_dwell_seconds: int = 10_800
+    alarm_removal_seconds: int = 0
     trash_confirmation_seconds: int = 120
     zone_ids: tuple[str, ...] = DEFAULT_ZONE_IDS
 
+    @property
+    def pre_warning(self) -> timedelta:
+        return timedelta(seconds=self.pre_warning_seconds)
+
     @property
     def max_dwell(self) -> timedelta:
         return timedelta(seconds=self.max_dwell_seconds)
 
+    @property
+    def alarm_removal_window(self) -> timedelta:
+        return timedelta(seconds=self.alarm_removal_seconds)
+
     @property
     def trash_confirmation_window(self) -> timedelta:
         return timedelta(seconds=self.trash_confirmation_seconds)
@@ -56,7 +66,10 @@ class Batch:
     started_at: datetime
     last_count: int
     state: str = "active"
+    pre_warned_at: datetime | None = None
     alerted_at: datetime | None = None
+    alarm_removal_deadline: datetime | None = None
+    alarm_removal_timed_out_at: datetime | None = None
     ended_at: datetime | None = None
     pending_since: datetime | None = None
     disposal_deadline: datetime | None = None
diff --git a/src/cold_display_guard/webhooks.py b/src/cold_display_guard/webhooks.py
index fe693bc..0b70b34 100644
--- a/src/cold_display_guard/webhooks.py
+++ b/src/cold_display_guard/webhooks.py
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ def build_batch_event_payload(
     batch_id = str(event.get("batch_id", ""))
     event_name = str(event.get("event", ""))
     ts = str(event.get("ts", ""))
+    pre_warned_at = str(event.get("pre_warned_at", ""))
     alerted_at = str(event.get("alerted_at", ""))
     ended_at = str(event.get("ended_at", ""))
     payload = {
@@ -165,7 +166,8 @@ def build_batch_event_payload(
         "dwell_seconds": event.get("dwell_seconds", ""),
         "is_discarded": event_name == "batch_discarded",
         "discarded_at": ts if event_name == "batch_discarded" else "",
-        "created_at": alerted_at or ts,
+        "created_at": pre_warned_at or alerted_at or ts,
+        "pre_warned_at": pre_warned_at,
         "alerted_at": alerted_at,
         "alarm_at": alerted_at,
         "updated_at": ts,
@@ -185,6 +187,7 @@ def build_case_event_payload(
     handled_at = str(snapshot.get("handled_at", ""))
     handled_source = str(snapshot.get("handled_source", ""))
     event = snapshot_event(snapshot)
+    pre_warned_at = str(event.get("pre_warned_at", ""))
     alerted_at = str(event.get("alerted_at", ""))
     ended_at = str(event.get("ended_at", ""))
     discarded = handled_source == "auto_closed"
@@ -208,7 +211,8 @@ def build_case_event_payload(
         "dwell_seconds": event.get("dwell_seconds", ""),
         "is_discarded": discarded,
         "discarded_at": handled_at if discarded else "",
-        "created_at": alerted_at or created_at,
+        "created_at": pre_warned_at or alerted_at or created_at,
+        "pre_warned_at": pre_warned_at,
         "alerted_at": alerted_at,
         "alarm_at": alerted_at,
         "updated_at": updated_at,
diff --git a/tasks/lessons.md b/tasks/lessons.md
index 7090f33..dd4b440 100644
--- a/tasks/lessons.md
+++ b/tasks/lessons.md
@@ -5,3 +5,9 @@
   1. 对每个用户指定的 Webhook 路径，先在目标主机上用与真实请求接近的 `POST` 探测并记录状态码。
   2. 如果存在多个相似路径，只能在验证过用户指定路径不可用后，才考虑回退到其它路径。
   3. 切换远端配置前，先确认发送端容器对目标主机名或 IP 实际可达，避免写入不可解析的地址。
+
+- 2026-06-15: 告警截图叠加中文区域名时，不能依赖默认西文字体或手写点阵字形；这会在现场截图里表现为乱码或不可读文字。
+  Prevention:
+  1. 涉及中文截图叠字时，镜像必须安装可验证的 CJK 字体包，并在容器内用 `fc-match :lang=zh-cn` 确认命中 CJK 字体。
+  2. 部署后必须在目标容器内跑一次中文标签叠图烟测，确认真实渲染路径可用，而不只检查像素变化。
+  3. 字体渲染不可用时，回退文本必须转换成可读 ASCII 标识，例如 `区域 1` -> `R1`、`垃圾区` -> `TRASH`，避免继续绘制乱码中文。
diff --git a/tasks/todo.md b/tasks/todo.md
index 807275f..1488c89 100644
--- a/tasks/todo.md
+++ b/tasks/todo.md
@@ -229,3 +229,58 @@
   - MQTT probe confirmed `video-recognition` published to `video/cold-display-guard/result/cold-display-guard` with `device_identifier=cold-display-guard`.
 - `store_data_platform` is not deployed on `10.8.0.23` under that repository name or as an identifiable container; platform handling changes were completed and verified in the local repository.
 - The cold-display retry queue has no pending entries; old `192.168.5.103` failures are already dead-letter history.
+
+## Current Task: Alarm Snapshot Labels And Zone Colors
+
+**Goal:** Uploaded alarm screenshots should show each calibrated region name directly on the image, and different cold-display zones should use different overlay colors.
+
+**Design:** Extend the existing standard-library overlay path. Keep drawing configured polygons before JPEG upload, but carry a display label for each region, choose a stable color from a fixed palette by zone order, and draw a small high-contrast text label inside the polygon. Keep trash ROI red and labeled separately.
+
+- [x] Inspect the current calibration overlay helper and tests.
+- [x] Add failing tests for per-zone colors and visible region labels.
+- [x] Implement labels and stable zone color palette.
+- [x] Run snapshot tests and full Python tests.
+- [x] Deploy the overlay update to `xiaozheng@10.8.0.23`.
+- [x] Verify remote API/runtime health and deployed overlay helper.
+
+### Review
+
+- `apply_calibration_overlay` now assigns each cold-display zone a stable color from a fixed palette and keeps the trash ROI red.
+- Each overlay region now carries a label and draws a small high-contrast label box directly on the frame before JPEG encoding/upload.
+- The built-in label renderer covers common现场 labels such as `区域 1` through digits and `垃圾区`, plus basic ASCII for custom numeric/English labels.
+- Verification passed:
+  - `PYTHONPATH=src python3 -m unittest tests/test_alarm_snapshots.py -v`
+  - `PYTHONPATH=src python3 -m unittest discover -s tests -v` (`99` tests)
+- Deployed `src/cold_display_guard/alarm_snapshots.py` to `xiaozheng@10.8.0.23` after backing up the previous remote file.
+- Rebuilt `cold-display-guard:dev` and restarted `cold-display-guard-api` plus `cold-display-guard-runtime`.
+- Remote verification passed:
+  - `GET /api/manage/health` returned `status=ok` and `runtime_status=running`.
+  - Container-side overlay smoke test confirmed two zones render different RGB values and label text pixels are present.
+
+## Current Task: Alarm Snapshot Chinese Label Rendering Fix
+
+**Goal:** Fix unreadable/garbled Chinese region names on uploaded alarm screenshots while keeping per-zone colors and fallback labeling robust.
+
+**Design:** Use a real CJK font renderer for Chinese labels in the alarm snapshot overlay path. Install Noto CJK fonts in the runtime image, render labels through ffmpeg `drawtext` when the font is available, and fall back to readable ASCII labels if the font renderer is unavailable.
+
+- [x] Reproduce and identify the likely root cause: remote container only matched DejaVu for `zh-cn`, so Chinese labels had no real CJK font path.
+- [x] Add regression tests for Docker CJK font installation and readable ASCII fallback labels.
+- [x] Update `Dockerfile` to install `fonts-noto-cjk`.
+- [x] Update `alarm_snapshots.py` to prefer CJK font rendering and use `R1`/`TRASH` fallback text when needed.
+- [x] Run focused and full local Python verification.
+- [x] Deploy `Dockerfile` and `alarm_snapshots.py` to `xiaozheng@10.8.0.23` without overwriting live config.
+- [x] Rebuild/restart `cold-display-guard-api` and `cold-display-guard-runtime`.
+- [x] Verify remote API/runtime health, CJK font availability, overlay smoke behavior, and runtime logs.
+
+### Review
+
+- Root cause was the screenshot overlay path not having a real Chinese font renderer in the deployed image; the container matched DejaVu before this fix.
+- The rebuilt remote container now reports `NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc: "Noto Sans CJK SC" "Regular"` for `fc-match :lang=zh-cn`.
+- Remote overlay smoke test confirmed `find_cjk_font_file()` returns `/usr/share/fonts/opentype/noto/NotoSansCJK-Regular.ttc`, Chinese labels change the frame, bright label pixels are present, and different regions retain distinct colors.
+- Local verification passed:
+  - `PYTHONPATH=src python3 -m unittest tests/test_alarm_snapshots.py -v`
+  - `PYTHONPATH=src python3 -m unittest discover -s tests -v` (`101` tests)
+- Remote verification passed:
+  - `GET /api/manage/health` returned `status=ok`, `runtime_status=running`, and version `dev`.
+  - `cold-display-guard-api` is healthy and `cold-display-guard-runtime` is running after restart.
+  - Runtime logs show normal startup after the restart.
diff --git a/tests/test_alarm_snapshots.py b/tests/test_alarm_snapshots.py
index ad3b72e..639ee3d 100644
--- a/tests/test_alarm_snapshots.py
+++ b/tests/test_alarm_snapshots.py
@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import unittest
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
 
 from cold_display_guard import alarm_snapshots
 from cold_display_guard.alarm_snapshots import (
     capture_alert_snapshot,
+    fallback_label_text,
     load_alarm_snapshot_settings,
     upload_snapshot_bytes,
 )
@@ -153,6 +155,40 @@ class AlarmSnapshotTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(annotated.pixel(2, 2), (0, 0, 0))
         self.assertNotEqual(annotated.pixel(0, 0), (0, 0, 0))
 
+    def test_calibration_overlay_uses_distinct_zone_colors_and_draws_labels(self) -> None:
+        frame = Frame(width=40, height=20, rgb=b"\x00\x00\x00" * 800)
+
+        annotated = alarm_snapshots.apply_calibration_overlay(
+            frame,
+            {
+                "zones": [
+                    {
+                        "id": "1",
+                        "label": "区域 1",
+                        "polygon": [[0.05, 0.10], [0.40, 0.10], [0.40, 0.90], [0.05, 0.90]],
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "id": "2",
+                        "label": "区域 2",
+                        "polygon": [[0.55, 0.10], [0.90, 0.10], [0.90, 0.90], [0.55, 0.90]],
+                    },
+                ]
+            },
+        )
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(annotated.pixel(10, 15), annotated.pixel(30, 15))
+        label_pixels = [annotated.pixel(x, y) for y in range(2, 10) for x in range(2, 18)]
+        self.assertTrue(any(max(pixel) >= 220 for pixel in label_pixels), "expected bright label text pixels")
+
+    def test_chinese_label_fallback_uses_readable_ascii_when_font_renderer_is_unavailable(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(fallback_label_text("区域 1"), "R1")
+        self.assertEqual(fallback_label_text("区域 12"), "R12")
+        self.assertEqual(fallback_label_text("垃圾区"), "TRASH")
+
+    def test_docker_image_installs_cjk_fonts_for_alarm_snapshot_labels(self) -> None:
+        dockerfile = (Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1] / "Dockerfile").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        self.assertIn("fonts-noto-cjk", dockerfile)
+
     def test_capture_alert_snapshot_encodes_frame_with_configured_calibration_overlay(self) -> None:
         encoded_frames: list[Frame] = []
 
diff --git a/tests/test_cases.py b/tests/test_cases.py
index 94ac3b7..271ccf4 100644
--- a/tests/test_cases.py
+++ b/tests/test_cases.py
@@ -48,6 +48,55 @@ class CaseStoreTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["case_status"], "open")
         self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["source_event"], "time_alarm")
 
+    def test_time_pre_warning_creates_open_pre_warning_case(self) -> None:
+        store = CaseStore()
+
+        snapshots = store.apply_batch_events(
+            [event("time_pre_warning", self.t0, severity="warning", state="pre_warning")]
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(snapshots), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["case_type"], "pre_warning")
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["case_status"], "open")
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["source_event"], "time_pre_warning")
+
+    def test_pre_warning_handled_auto_closes_open_case(self) -> None:
+        store = CaseStore()
+        store.apply_batch_events([event("time_pre_warning", self.t0, severity="warning", state="pre_warning")])
+
+        snapshots = store.apply_batch_events(
+            [event("pre_warning_handled", self.t0.replace(minute=1), severity="info", state="handled")]
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(snapshots), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["case_status"], "handled")
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["handled_source"], "auto_removed_before_alarm")
+
+    def test_time_alarm_upgrades_pre_warning_case(self) -> None:
+        store = CaseStore()
+        store.apply_batch_events([event("time_pre_warning", self.t0, severity="warning", state="pre_warning")])
+
+        snapshots = store.apply_batch_events([event("time_alarm", self.t0.replace(minute=2), severity="alarm", state="alerted")])
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(snapshots), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["case_type"], "time_alarm")
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["case_status"], "open")
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["source_event"], "time_alarm")
+
+    def test_alarm_removal_timeout_upgrades_same_case(self) -> None:
+        store = CaseStore()
+        store.apply_batch_events([event("time_pre_warning", self.t0, severity="warning", state="pre_warning")])
+        store.apply_batch_events([event("time_alarm", self.t0.replace(minute=2), severity="alarm", state="alerted")])
+
+        snapshots = store.apply_batch_events(
+            [event("alarm_removal_timeout", self.t0.replace(minute=3), severity="alarm", state="alarm_removal_timeout")]
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(snapshots), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["case_type"], "alarm_removal_timeout")
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["case_status"], "open")
+        self.assertEqual(snapshots[0]["source_event"], "alarm_removal_timeout")
+
     def test_pending_disposal_upgrades_existing_case(self) -> None:
         store = CaseStore()
         store.apply_batch_events([event("time_alarm", self.t0, severity="alarm", state="alerted")])
diff --git a/tests/test_config.py b/tests/test_config.py
index be8a114..4425b6b 100644
--- a/tests/test_config.py
+++ b/tests/test_config.py
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ class ConfigTests(unittest.TestCase):
 camera_id = "cam_a"
 
 [thresholds]
+pre_warning_seconds = 20
 max_dwell_seconds = 30
+alarm_removal_seconds = 2
 trash_confirmation_seconds = 4
 
 [layout]
@@ -29,7 +31,9 @@ cols = 2
             settings = load_settings(path)
 
         self.assertEqual(settings.camera_id, "cam_a")
+        self.assertEqual(settings.pre_warning_seconds, 20)
         self.assertEqual(settings.max_dwell_seconds, 30)
+        self.assertEqual(settings.alarm_removal_seconds, 2)
         self.assertEqual(settings.trash_confirmation_seconds, 4)
         self.assertEqual(settings.zone_ids, ("r1c1", "r1c2"))
 
@@ -118,6 +122,8 @@ zone_ids = ["1", "2", "3"]
             text = path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
         self.assertIn("zone_count = 2", text)
+        self.assertIn("pre_warning_seconds = 0", text)
+        self.assertIn("alarm_removal_seconds = 0", text)
         self.assertIn('label = "区域 1"', text)
         self.assertIn("[trash]", text)
         self.assertNotIn('"trash"', text.split("[layout]", maxsplit=1)[1].split("[[zones]]", maxsplit=1)[0])
diff --git a/tests/test_engine.py b/tests/test_engine.py
index 7db9948..ee1a74f 100644
--- a/tests/test_engine.py
+++ b/tests/test_engine.py
@@ -140,6 +140,96 @@ class BatchEngineTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(alarm_events[0]["current_count"], 1)
         self.assertIn("alerted_at", alarm_events[0])
 
+    def test_pre_warning_emits_once_before_alarm_threshold(self) -> None:
+        settings = EngineSettings(
+            camera_id="test_cam",
+            pre_warning_seconds=60,
+            max_dwell_seconds=120,
+            alarm_removal_seconds=30,
+            trash_confirmation_seconds=30,
+            zone_ids=("1",),
+        )
+        engine = BatchEngine(settings)
+        engine.process(obs(self.t0, {"1": 1}))
+
+        pre_warning_events = engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=60), {"1": 1}))
+        repeated_events = engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=90), {"1": 1}))
+
+        self.assertEqual([event["event"] for event in pre_warning_events], ["time_pre_warning"])
+        self.assertEqual(pre_warning_events[0]["severity"], "warning")
+        self.assertEqual(pre_warning_events[0]["state"], "pre_warning")
+        self.assertEqual(pre_warning_events[0]["pre_warning_seconds"], 60)
+        self.assertEqual(pre_warning_events[0]["pre_warned_at"], (self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=60)).isoformat())
+        self.assertEqual(pre_warning_events[0]["current_count"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(repeated_events, [])
+
+    def test_pre_warning_removed_before_alarm_is_auto_handled(self) -> None:
+        settings = EngineSettings(
+            camera_id="test_cam",
+            pre_warning_seconds=60,
+            max_dwell_seconds=120,
+            alarm_removal_seconds=30,
+            trash_confirmation_seconds=30,
+            zone_ids=("1",),
+        )
+        engine = BatchEngine(settings)
+        engine.process(obs(self.t0, {"1": 1}))
+        engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=60), {"1": 1}))
+
+        events = engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=90), {"1": 0}))
+
+        self.assertEqual([event["event"] for event in events], ["pre_warning_handled"])
+        self.assertEqual(events[0]["severity"], "info")
+        self.assertEqual(events[0]["state"], "handled")
+        self.assertEqual(events[0]["handled_source"], "auto_removed_before_alarm")
+        self.assertEqual(events[0]["ended_at"], (self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=90)).isoformat())
+
+    def test_alarm_removal_timeout_emits_once_before_late_removal(self) -> None:
+        settings = EngineSettings(
+            camera_id="test_cam",
+            pre_warning_seconds=60,
+            max_dwell_seconds=120,
+            alarm_removal_seconds=30,
+            trash_confirmation_seconds=30,
+            zone_ids=("1",),
+        )
+        engine = BatchEngine(settings)
+        engine.process(obs(self.t0, {"1": 1}))
+        engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=60), {"1": 1}))
+        alarm_events = engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=120), {"1": 1}))
+
+        timeout_events = engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=151), {"1": 1}))
+        repeated_events = engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=160), {"1": 1}))
+        removal_events = engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=170), {"1": 0}, trash=True))
+
+        self.assertEqual([event["event"] for event in alarm_events], ["time_alarm"])
+        self.assertEqual(alarm_events[0]["alarm_removal_deadline"], (self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=150)).isoformat())
+        self.assertEqual([event["event"] for event in timeout_events], ["alarm_removal_timeout"])
+        self.assertEqual(timeout_events[0]["severity"], "alarm")
+        self.assertEqual(timeout_events[0]["state"], "alarm_removal_timeout")
+        self.assertEqual(timeout_events[0]["reason"], "alarmed_batch_not_removed_after_alarm_window")
+        self.assertEqual(repeated_events, [])
+        self.assertEqual([event["event"] for event in removal_events], ["batch_pending_disposal", "batch_discarded"])
+
+    def test_alarmed_batch_removed_within_alarm_window_does_not_emit_removal_timeout(self) -> None:
+        settings = EngineSettings(
+            camera_id="test_cam",
+            pre_warning_seconds=60,
+            max_dwell_seconds=120,
+            alarm_removal_seconds=30,
+            trash_confirmation_seconds=30,
+            zone_ids=("1",),
+        )
+        engine = BatchEngine(settings)
+        engine.process(obs(self.t0, {"1": 1}))
+        engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=60), {"1": 1}))
+        engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=120), {"1": 1}))
+
+        events = engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=150), {"1": 0}, trash=True))
+
+        self.assertEqual([event["event"] for event in events], ["batch_pending_disposal", "batch_discarded"])
+        self.assertTrue(all(event["event"] != "alarm_removal_timeout" for event in events))
+
     def test_alarmed_batch_removed_without_trash_deposit_escalates_warning(self) -> None:
         settings = EngineSettings(
             camera_id="test_cam",
@@ -260,6 +350,37 @@ class BatchEngineTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(removal_events[0]["batch_id"], "batch_000124")
         self.assertEqual(removal_events[0]["dwell_seconds"], 1400)
 
+    def test_restore_keeps_alarm_removal_timeout_deadline_after_runtime_restart(self) -> None:
+        settings = EngineSettings(
+            camera_id="test_cam",
+            pre_warning_seconds=60,
+            max_dwell_seconds=120,
+            alarm_removal_seconds=30,
+            trash_confirmation_seconds=30,
+            zone_ids=("1",),
+        )
+        engine = BatchEngine(settings)
+        engine.restore_from_events(
+            [
+                {
+                    "event": "time_alarm",
+                    "zone_id": "1",
+                    "batch_id": "batch_000124",
+                    "started_at": self.t0.isoformat(),
+                    "pre_warned_at": (self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=60)).isoformat(),
+                    "alerted_at": (self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=120)).isoformat(),
+                    "current_count": 1,
+                    "state": "alerted",
+                },
+            ],
+            active_zone_counts={"1": 1},
+        )
+
+        timeout_events = engine.process(obs(self.t0 + timedelta(seconds=151), {"1": 1}))
+
+        self.assertEqual([event["event"] for event in timeout_events], ["alarm_removal_timeout"])
+        self.assertEqual(timeout_events[0]["batch_id"], "batch_000124")
+
     def test_restore_skips_active_false_positive_when_latest_zone_count_is_empty(self) -> None:
         settings = EngineSettings(
             camera_id="test_cam",
diff --git a/tests/test_webhooks.py b/tests/test_webhooks.py
index 388836d..adb606b 100644
--- a/tests/test_webhooks.py
+++ b/tests/test_webhooks.py
@@ -80,6 +80,46 @@ class WebhookTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertFalse(payload["is_discarded"])
         self.assertEqual(payload["alerted_at"], datetime(2026, 6, 9, 9, 0, tzinfo=UTC).isoformat())
 
+    def test_build_batch_event_payload_preserves_pre_warning_and_alarm_times(self) -> None:
+        pre_warned_at = datetime(2026, 6, 9, 8, 59, tzinfo=UTC).isoformat()
+        alarm_at = datetime(2026, 6, 9, 9, 0, tzinfo=UTC).isoformat()
+
+        pre_warning_payload = build_batch_event_payload(
+            {
+                "event": "time_pre_warning",
+                "ts": pre_warned_at,
+                "batch_id": "batch_000001",
+                "camera_id": "cam_01",
+                "zone_id": "1",
+                "zone_label": "区域 1",
+                "severity": "warning",
+                "state": "pre_warning",
+                "started_at": datetime(2026, 6, 9, 8, 58, tzinfo=UTC).isoformat(),
+                "pre_warned_at": pre_warned_at,
+            }
+        )
+        alarm_payload = build_batch_event_payload(
+            {
+                "event": "time_alarm",
+                "ts": alarm_at,
+                "batch_id": "batch_000001",
+                "camera_id": "cam_01",
+                "zone_id": "1",
+                "zone_label": "区域 1",
+                "severity": "alarm",
+                "state": "alerted",
+                "started_at": datetime(2026, 6, 9, 8, 58, tzinfo=UTC).isoformat(),
+                "pre_warned_at": pre_warned_at,
+                "alerted_at": alarm_at,
+            }
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(pre_warning_payload["pre_warned_at"], pre_warned_at)
+        self.assertEqual(pre_warning_payload["created_at"], pre_warned_at)
+        self.assertEqual(pre_warning_payload["alarm_at"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(alarm_payload["pre_warned_at"], pre_warned_at)
+        self.assertEqual(alarm_payload["alarm_at"], alarm_at)
+
     def test_build_batch_event_payload_includes_uploaded_snapshot_path(self) -> None:
         payload = build_batch_event_payload(
             {